nkhani

Mfundo yofunikira ya mlongoti

Mfundo yayikulu ya mlongoti ndikuti mafunde othamanga kwambiri amapanga magetsi osinthika ndi maginito mozungulira.Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Maxwell cha gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi, "kusintha minda yamagetsi kumatulutsa maginito, ndipo kusintha kwa maginito kumapanga minda yamagetsi".Pamene chisangalalo chikupitirirabe, kufalitsa chizindikiro chopanda zingwe kumakwaniritsidwa.

Pezani coefficient

Chiyerekezo cha mphamvu zonse zolowetsa za mlongoti amatchedwa kuchuluka kwa phindu la mlongoti.Ndichiwonetsero chatsatanetsatane cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito kabwino ka mlongoti wa mphamvu zonse za RF kuposa mphamvu ya chiwongolero cha mlongoti.Ndipo amawonetsedwa mu decibels.Zitha kutsimikiziridwa mwamasamu kuti kuchuluka kokwanira kwa mlongoti ndi kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mlongoti wowongolera komanso kuchita bwino kwa mlongoti.

Kuchita bwino kwa mlongoti

Ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu yowulutsidwa ndi mlongoti (ndiko kuti, mphamvu yomwe imatembenuza bwino gawo la mafunde a electromagnetic) kukhala mphamvu yogwira ntchito ku mlongoti.Nthawi zonse zimakhala zosakwana 1.

Antenna polarization wave

Electromagnetic wave imayenda mumlengalenga, ngati mayendedwe a vector yamagetsi amakhalabe osasunthika kapena kuzungulira motsatira malamulo ena, izi zimatchedwa polarization wave, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti antenna polarization wave, kapena polarized wave.Nthawi zambiri amatha kugawidwa mu polarization ya ndege (kuphatikiza polarization yopingasa ndi polarization ofukula), polarization yozungulira ndi elliptic polarization.

Njira ya polarization

Mayendedwe a gawo lamagetsi la polarized electromagnetic wave amatchedwa polarization direction.

The polarization pamwamba

Ndege yopangidwa ndi mayendedwe a polarization ndi njira yofalikira ya polarized electromagnetic wave imatchedwa polarization plane.

Polarization ofukula

The polarization wa mafunde wailesi, nthawi zambiri ndi dziko lapansi monga muyezo pamwamba.Polarization wave yomwe polarization pamwamba pake ikufanana ndi dziko lapansi wamba (ndege yolunjika) imatchedwa vertical polarization wave.Mayendedwe a gawo lake lamagetsi ndi perpendicular kwa dziko lapansi.

Horizontal polarization

Polarization wave yomwe ili yokhazikika pamtunda wadziko lapansi imatchedwa horizontal polarization wave.Mayendedwe a malo ake amagetsi ndi ofanana ndi dziko lapansi.

Ndege ya polarization

Ngati mbali ya polarization ya mafunde a electromagnetic ikadali yokhazikika, imatchedwa plane polarization, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti linear polarization.The polarization ndege angapezeke mu zigawo za magetsi munda kufanana ndi dziko lapansi (yopingasa chigawo chimodzi) ndi perpendicular padziko lapansi, amene matalikidwe okhudza malo ndi umasinthasintha wachibale magnitudes.Polarization ofukula ndi yopingasa ndizochitika zapadera za polarization ya ndege.

Polarization yozungulira

Pamene ngodya pakati pa ndege ya polarization ndi geodetic yachibadwa ndege ya mafunde a wailesi imasintha kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 360 ° nthawi ndi nthawi, ndiko kuti, kukula kwa munda wamagetsi sikunasinthidwe, mayendedwe amasintha ndi nthawi, ndi trajectory ya mapeto a vekitala yamagetsi. amaonedwa ngati bwalo pa ndege perpendicular malangizo kufalitsa, amatchedwa circular polarization.Polarization yozungulira ingapezeke pamene zigawo zopingasa ndi zowongoka za gawo lamagetsi zimakhala ndi matalikidwe ofanana ndi kusiyana kwa gawo la 90 ° kapena 270 °.Polarization yozungulira, ngati polarization pamwamba imazungulira ndi nthawi ndipo ili ndi ubale wozungulira wozungulira ndi njira yofalitsa mafunde a electromagnetic, imatchedwa polarization yolondola yozungulira;M'malo mwake, ngati kumanzere kozungulira ubale, anati kumanzere zozungulira polarization.

The elliptical polarized

Ngati ngodya pakati pa ma radio wave polarization ndege ndi ndege ya geodetic yachibadwa imasintha nthawi ndi nthawi kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 2π, ndipo njira yopita kumapeto kwa vector yamagetsi ikuwoneka ngati ellipse pa ndege yomwe imayendera njira yofalitsa, imatchedwa elliptic. polarization.Pamene matalikidwe ndi gawo la zigawo zowongoka ndi zopingasa za gawo lamagetsi zimakhala ndi mfundo zosagwirizana (kupatula pamene zigawo ziwirizo zili zofanana), elliptic polarization ingapezeke.

Long wave antenna, medium wave antenna

Ndi mawu wamba potumiza kapena kulandira tinyanga tomwe timagwira ntchito m'magulu azitali komanso apakati.Mafunde aatali ndi apakatikati amafalikira ngati mafunde apansi ndi mafunde akumwamba, omwe amawonekera mosalekeza pakati pa ionosphere ndi dziko lapansi.Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chofalikira ichi, tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ting'onoting'ono timayenera kutulutsa mafunde omwe ali ndi polarized.Mu mlongoti wautali komanso wapakatikati, mtundu woyimirira, mtundu wa L wopindika, mtundu wa T ndi antenna yamtundu wa ambulera yowongoka pansi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Tinyanga zazitali ndi zapakatikati ziyenera kukhala ndi maukonde abwino.Pali zovuta zambiri zamaukadaulo mu mlongoti wautali komanso wapakatikati, monga kutalika kogwira ntchito pang'ono, kukana kutsika kwa radiation, kutsika kwachangu, bandi yopapatiza komanso njira yaying'ono yowongolera.Pofuna kuthetsa mavutowa, mawonekedwe a antenna nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta komanso aakulu kwambiri.

Mlongoti wa Shortwave

Tinyanga zotumizira kapena kulandira zomwe zikugwira ntchito mu bandi lalifupi la wave wave zimatchedwa short wave antennas.Mafunde afupiafupi amafalitsidwa makamaka ndi mafunde akumwamba omwe amawonetsedwa ndi ionosphere ndipo ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri zoyankhulirana zamawayilesi akutali.Pali mitundu yambiri ya mlongoti wa shortwave, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mlongoti wofananira, mlongoti wopingasa mu gawo, mlongoti wopingasa kawiri, mlongoti wozungulira, V-woboola pakati, mlongoti wa rhombus, mlongoti wa fishbone ndi zina zotero.Poyerekeza ndi mlongoti wautali wautali, mlongoti wothamanga kwambiri uli ndi ubwino wokhala ndi kutalika kwapamwamba, kukana kwa ma radiation, kuthamanga kwapamwamba, mayendedwe abwino, kupindula kwakukulu ndi passband yotakata.

Ultrashort wave antenna

Ma antennas otumizira ndi kulandira omwe amagwira ntchito mu ultrashort wave band amatchedwa ultrashort wave antennas.Mafunde a Ultrashort amayenda makamaka ndi mafunde amlengalenga.Pali mitundu yambiri ya mlongoti wamtunduwu, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mlongoti wa Yaki, mlongoti wamtundu wa mbale, mlongoti wapawiri, "mapiko a mleme" wotumizira TV ndi zina zotero.

Microwave antenna

Tinyanga zotumizira kapena kulandira zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'magulu ozungulira a mafunde a mita, mafunde a decimeter, mafunde a centimita ndi ma millimeter onse pamodzi amatchedwa tinyanga ta microwave.Microwave makamaka zimadalira kufalikira kwa mlengalenga, kuti muwonjezere mtunda wolumikizana, mlongoti umayikidwa pamwamba.Mu mlongoti wa microwave, mlongoti wa paraboloid womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mlongoti wa nyanga paraboloid, mlongoti wa nyanga, mlongoti wa lens, mlongoti wotsekedwa, mlongoti wa dielectric, periscope mlongoti ndi zina zotero.

Directional mlongoti

Directional antenna ndi mtundu wa mlongoti womwe umatumiza ndikulandila mafunde a electromagnetic mbali imodzi kapena zingapo makamaka mwamphamvu, pomwe imatumiza ndikulandila mafunde amagetsi mbali ina ndi ziro kapena yaying'ono kwambiri.Cholinga chogwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wodutsa njira ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya radiation ndikuwonjezera chinsinsi.Cholinga chachikulu chogwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wolandila wolowera ndikuwonjezera luso loletsa kusokoneza.

Mlongoti wopanda mbali

Mlongoti womwe umatulutsa kapena kulandira mafunde amagetsi mofanana mbali zonse umatchedwa mlongoti wosalunjika, monga mlongoti wa chikwapu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina ang'onoang'ono olankhulirana, ndi zina zotero.

Wide band antenna

Mlongoti womwe mayendedwe ake, kutsekereza ndi mawonekedwe ake amakhalabe osasunthika pagulu lalikulu lotchedwa wideband antenna.Mlongoti woyambilira wa wideband uli ndi mlongoti wa rhombus, V mlongoti, mlongoti wa mafunde awiri, mlongoti wa disk cone, ndi zina zotero.

Kukonza mlongoti

Mlongoti womwe umakhala ndi kalozera wodziwikiratu mu bandi yopapatiza kwambiri imatchedwa mlongoti wolunjika kapena mlongoti wolunjika.Nthawi zambiri, mayendedwe a mlongoti woyimbidwa amakhalabe wokhazikika mpaka 5 peresenti YA gulu lomwe limakhala pafupi ndi ma frequency ake, pomwe ma frequency ena amasinthasintha kotero kuti kulumikizana kumasokonekera.Tinyanga zochunidwa sizoyenera kulumikizana ndi mafunde afupiafupi okhala ndi ma frequency osinthika.Mlongoti womwewo - gawo lopingasa, mlongoti wopindidwa ndi mlongoti wa zigzag zonse ndizonyamulira.

Mlongoti woima

Mlongoti woyima umatanthawuza mlongoti woyikidwa pansi.Ili ndi mawonekedwe asymmetric ndi asymmetric, ndipo yotsirizirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Tinyanga zoyimirira zofananira nthawi zambiri zimadyetsedwa pakati.Mlongoti wa asymmetric of vertical antenna amadyetsa pakati pa pansi pa mlongoti ndi pansi, ndipo mayendedwe ake okwera kwambiri amawunikira pansi pomwe kutalika kwake kuli kosakwana 1/2 wavelength, kotero ndikoyenera kuwulutsa.Mlongoti woyimirira wa asymmetric umatchedwanso mlongoti wapansi.

Thirani L mlongoti

Mlongoti wopangidwa polumikiza cholowera choyimirira kumapeto kwa waya umodzi wopingasa.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake ngati chilembo cha Chingerezi L mozondoka pansi, amatchedwa mlongoti wa L wopindika.γ ya chilembo cha Chirasha ndi L ya chilembo cha Chingerezi.Chifukwa chake, γ mtundu wa mlongoti ndiwosavuta.Ndi mtundu wa mlongoti woyima pansi.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya mlongoti, gawo lake lopingasa likhoza kupangidwa ndi mawaya angapo omwe amakonzedwa pa ndege yopingasa yomweyi, ndipo ma radiation opangidwa ndi gawoli akhoza kunyalanyazidwa, pamene ma radiation opangidwa ndi mbali yowongoka ndi.Ma Antennas otembenuzidwa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi mafunde aatali.Ubwino wake ndi mawonekedwe osavuta komanso kuwongolera kosavuta;Zoyipa ndizambiri, kusakhazikika bwino.

T antenna

Pakatikati mwa waya wopingasa, chowongolera chowongoka chimalumikizidwa, chomwe chimapangidwa ngati chilembo cha Chingerezi T, motero chimatchedwa T-antenna.Ndiwo mtundu wodziwika kwambiri wa tinyanga topondaponda.The yopingasa mbali ya cheza ndi negligible, ma radiation amapangidwa ndi ofukula gawo.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo bwino, gawo lopingasa likhozanso kupangidwa ndi mawaya angapo.Mlongoti wopangidwa ndi T uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mlongoti wopindika wa L.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polankhulana ndi mafunde aatali komanso apakati.

Antenna ya umbrella

Pamwamba pa waya umodzi woyima, ma conductor angapo opendekeka amatsogozedwa mbali zonse, kotero kuti mawonekedwe a mlongoti ali ngati ambulera yotseguka, motero amatchedwa antenna ambulera.Ilinso mtundu wa mlongoti woyima pansi.Makhalidwe ake ndi ntchito zake ndizofanana ndi tinyanga zopindika za L - ndi T.

Chikwapu mlongoti

Mlongoti wa Whip ndi mlongoti wa ndodo yosinthasintha, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 1/4 kapena 1/2 kutalika kwake.Nnyanga zambiri za zikwapu zimagwiritsa ntchito ukonde m'malo mwa waya wapansi.Tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chipolopolo chachitsulo cha wayilesi yaying'ono ngati maukonde apansi.Nthawi zina kuti muwonjezere kutalika kwa mlongoti wa chikwapu, masamba ena ang'onoang'ono olankhulira amatha kuwonjezeredwa pamwamba pa mlongoti wa chikwapu kapena inductance akhoza kuwonjezeredwa kumapeto kwapakati pa chikwapu.Chikwapu mlongoti angagwiritsidwe ntchito makina ang'onoang'ono kulankhulana, makina macheza, wailesi galimoto, etc.

Mlongoti wa Symmetric

Mawaya awiri a EQUAL kutalika, odulidwa AT pakati ndikulumikizidwa ku chakudya, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kutumiza ndi kulandira tinyanga, mlongoti wotere umatchedwa symmetric antenna.Chifukwa tinyanga nthawi zina timatchedwa oscillator, tinyanga zofananira zimatchedwanso symmetric oscillators, kapena dipole antennas.Oscillator symmetric yokhala ndi kutalika kwa theka la wavelength imatchedwa theka-wave oscillator, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti theka-wave dipole antenna.Ndilo mlongoti wofunikira kwambiri komanso womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Ma antennas ambiri ovuta amapangidwa ndi izo.The oscillator theka-wave ali ndi dongosolo losavuta komanso chakudya chosavuta.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakulankhulana kwapafupi.

Mlongoti wa antenna

Ndi gulu lalikulu lofooka mlongoti wolunjika.Ndi silinda yopanda kanthu yozunguliridwa ndi mawaya angapo m'malo mwa waya umodzi wozungulira thupi mumlongoti wofananira, chifukwa thupi la radiation limapangidwa ndi khola, limatchedwa khola mlongoti.Gulu logwiritsira ntchito la mlongoti wa khola ndi lalikulu komanso losavuta kuyimba.Ndi abwino kwa pafupi osiyanasiyana thunthu mzere kulankhulana.

Mlongoti wa nyanga

Ndi ya mtundu wa symmetric antenna, koma manja ake awiri sanasanjidwe molunjika, ndipo mu 90 ° kapena 120 ° Angle, amatchedwa mlongoti wa angular.Mlongoti wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri amakhala chipangizo chopingasa, komwe kumayang'ana sikofunikira.Kuti mupeze mawonekedwe a bandi lalikulu, mikono iwiri ya mlongoti wokhotakhota imathanso kutengera kapangidwe ka khola, kotchedwa antenna yaangular cage.

Ndi yofanana ndi mlongoti

Kupinda kwa ma oscillator kukhala tinyanga zofananira kumatchedwa mlongoti wopindidwa.Pali mitundu ingapo ya mlongoti wotembenuzidwa wamawaya awiri, mlongoti wa mawaya atatu ndi mlongoti wa mawaya angapo.Popinda, pompopompo pamlingo wofananira pamzere uliwonse uyenera kukhala mu gawo lomwelo.Kuchokera patali, mlongoti wonse umawoneka ngati mlongoti wofanana.Koma poyerekeza ndi mlongoti wofanana, kuwala kwa mlongoti wosinthidwa kumawonjezeka.Impedance yolowetsa imawonjezeka kuti ithandizire kulumikizana ndi feeder.Mlongoti wopindidwa ndi mlongoti wosinthidwa wokhala ndi mafupipafupi ogwiritsira ntchito.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magulu amfupi ndi ma ultrashort wave.

V antenna

Mlongoti wopangidwa ndi mawaya awiri pa Angle kwa wina ndi mzake mu mawonekedwe a chilembo V. Choyimiracho chikhoza kukhala chotseguka kapena cholumikizidwa ndi kukana kofanana ndi khalidwe la impedance ya mlongoti.Mlongoti wooneka ngati V ndi wa unidirectional ndipo njira yopititsira patsogolo kwambiri imakhala mu ndege yowongoka motsatira mzere wa Angle.Zoyipa zake ndizochepa komanso zotsika kwambiri.

Mlongoti wa Rhombic

Ndi mlongoti wa bande lalikulu.Zimapangidwa ndi DIAMOND yopingasa WOYENDEDWA PA mizati inayi, imodzi mwa diamondi imalumikizidwa ndi chodyetsa pa Angle yoopsa, ndipo inayo imalumikizidwa ndi kukana kopitilira muyeso kofanana ndi kulephera kwa mlongoti wa diamondi.Imakhala ya unidirectional mu ndege yoyima yomwe ikulozera kolowera kolowera.

Ubwino wa mlongoti wa rhombus ndi kupindula kwakukulu, mayendedwe amphamvu, gulu lalikulu, losavuta kukhazikitsa ndi kusamalira;Choyipa chake ndi chopondapo chachikulu.Mlongoti wa rhomboid ukapunduka, pali mitundu itatu ya mlongoti wa rhomboid, kuyankha mlongoti wa rhomboid ndi pindani mlongoti wa rhomboid.Rhombus antenna nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo olandila mafunde apakatikati komanso akulu.

Mlongoti wa cone

Ndi ultrashort wave antenna.Pamwamba ndi disc (radiation body), yodyetsedwa ndi mzere wapakati wa mzere wa coaxial, ndipo pansi ndi kondomu, yolumikizidwa ndi woyendetsa kunja kwa mzere wa coaxial.Zotsatira za cone ndizofanana ndi nthaka yopanda malire.Kusintha kopendekeka kopendekera kwa chulucho kungasinthe mayendedwe a radiation ya mlongoti.Ili ndi gulu lafupipafupi kwambiri.